A Potentially Serious Flash Flood And Flooding Situation Is Expected To Continue Developing Into Mid-Day

As of 5:00 AM Thursday, more than 5.00″ of total rain have fallen at upper elevations in the High Knob Massif from Powell Mountain across Big Cherry Basin to the Robinson Knob community. Creeks are now near or above flood stage in many locations downstream of these upper elevations along the high border area of Wise-Scott-Lee and Wise-Harlan counties.

Additional locations will likely experience flooding before rainfall diminishes later today. The main-stem rivers will likely rise through tonight. Please monitor the latest levels and forecasts for these rivers.

USGS Stream Data for Virginia

Levisa Fork River at Big Rock

Russell Fork River at Haysi

Guest River at Coeburn

Big Stony Creek (upstream Fort Blackmore)

Powell River at Big Stone Gap

Powell River at Big Stone Gap (Gage Height)

Powell River near Jonesville

Clinch River at Cleveland

Clinch River at Speers Ferry

**When Big Stony Creek is above flood stage it generally is an excellent indicator for all the steep creeks draining the High Knob Massif, with analogous levels on South Fork of Powell, Little Stony Creek, Stock Creek, Cove Creek, Clear Creek, and many others that drain the high country along the Wise-Scott-Lee border area.

Big Stony Creek in northern Scott County, VA, was 2.2 feet (27 inches) above official flood stage at 2:15 AM on Thursday, 6 Feb 2002

Residents living along South Fork of Powell River, downstream of Big Cherry Lake Dam, on the Wise County side of the High Knob Massif will need to remain alert for potential of significant flooding with a large overflow ongoing over the Dam

A large plume of rainfall downstream will be lifting northeast across the mountain area overnight into the daylight hours of Thursday.

*As of 5:00 AM on 6 February, the rainfall total had reached 5.07″ at Big Cherry Lake Dam (2008-2019 February average precipitation was 6.87″).

*More than 0.50″ of rain recently accumulated within less than 30 minutes to trigger the current spike in water levels.

Due to antecedent wetness, with 12.22″ since the beginning of January and 20.74″ since the start of December, the concern for flash flooding through Thursday is well above average. This also includes the possibility of mud and rock slides.

ALERT For Heavy To Excessive Rainfall Amounts During The Period From Late Tuesday Through Late Thursday (February 4-6)

Waves of rain, moderate to heavy at times, are expected throughout the next several days within an anomalously mild, moist atmosphere for this time of year. Folks living and driving along streams and in low-lying, flood prone locations will need to remain alert for water level rises and ponding of water.

**Stay tuned to NOAA Weather Radio and your favorite media sources for possible warnings.

Locations with greatest impacts will depend upon where the heaviest run-off develops, as waves of rain continue to move across the mountain landscape.

Although the greatest current flood potential is in the Clinch, Powell, and Cumberland river basins, where the greatest precipitation amounts have accumulated in the past 36-hours, flooding within adjoining basins (e.g., Russell Fork, Levisa Fork, Holston, etc.) will also become possible.

While orographic forcing will increase amounts within the High Knob Massif-Black Mountain corridor, as a low-level jet forms into Thursday, increasing upslope flow, the possibility of convection superimposed upon the general rainfall pattern will complicate as well as enhance the flash flooding potential in locations impacted by thunderstorms.

Weather Headlines

*Colder air is being monitored for possible significant snowfall accumulations by Friday into this weekend (centered on 7-8 February) as additional waves move east of the Appalachians prior to warming once again next week to anomalous levels. This would add to any flood potential next week.

Interactive Doppler Radar

*A pattern conducive to additional heavy to excessive rainfall is being monitored for next week, through the middle of February (reference updated charts below).

Big Picture Pattern

In the big picture, the upper air flow regime makes all the difference regarding how much precipitation falls as rain versus snow, and how much falls in total. This regime is dictated by ocean and land temperature contrasts which generate pressure differences that develop and drive weather systems across planet Earth.

Reference Mid-Winter 2020_High Knob Massif for updated precipitation amounts from the City of Norton into the high country of the High Knob Massif.

This big picture regime is then modulated by orographics within three-dimensional, complex terrain as exists here amid the majestic Appalachians.

With February knocking on the door, it is time to review the past two years when February produced excessive precipitation amounts (mostly rain, very little snow).

The past two Februaries had very similar upper air patterns, especially across the central-eastern USA.

Adding the two patterns together produces the above, featuring a notable SW upper air flow into the eastern USA with transport of both Pacific and Gulf of Mexico-Atlantic moisture. This flow regime included westerly component atmospheric trajectories.

Precipitation totals at Big Cherry Lake Dam reached 14.37″ in February 2018 and 12.50″ during February 2019, with locally higher amounts in the high country. Could February 2020 produce a trifecta?

The pattern ahead through the first week of February 2020 becomes eerily similar to that of the past two Februaries, so that means wetness increases!

Current Interactive 500 MB Flow Field_North America

Many ensemble members of both the European and GFS model groups are predicting heavy-excessive rains to fall in waves through the middle of February. This trend has only increased in recent days, as anomalous warmth for February returns next week to set the stage for more waves of heavy-excessive rainfall.

Consecutive model runs see the flood potential that is analogous to February 2018 and February 2019 in the upper air flow regime (as outlined above).

The Monday evening runs of both the European and GFS models are similar with prediction of significant snowfall during Saturday (8 February). Expect both timing and amounts to vary on future model runs.

If the mean upper trough axis remains positively tilted, as shown in the composite of the past two Februaries, it will push heaviest precipitation into western slopes of the Appalachians where orographic forcing will act to enhance amounts.

If the mean upper trough axis becomes negatively tilted it would favor heaviest amounts into the eastern slopes of the Appalachians, and locally along the southeastern side of major mountains like the High Knob Massif.

A comparison between daily accumulated precipitation observed in Big Stone Gap (VA) and Boone (NC) during February 2018 and February 2019 illustrates this very well, with the two months producing a total of 25.39″ under westerly component (upslope) flow in Big Stone Gap, VA versus 9.07″ in Boone, NC under downsloping.

Lovers of snow, of course, do not want to see this type of pattern. Instead, patterns like observed during 2010 and 2015 are the ones desired for deep snowpack formation.

Such patterns can easily produce between 50″ to 100″ of snow within a single month in favored upslope locations along the Cumberland-Allegheny Front.

To contrast with the patterns of 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2011 when the southern Appalachians were robbed of February snow. The current snow drought being very impressive from the perspective of recent decades.

If you are a student of weather, then learn how to read these maps and what they mean as you can see what an impact they equate to regarding sensible conditions.

Regressing the February snowfall trend during the past 6 decades, using the Burkes Garden NWS Cooperative site, finds a notable decrease (the 1897-Present trend shows an increase, but are early years as accurate?).

Measuring precipitation accurately can be difficult, especially snowfall at higher elevations, with many factors potentially acting to skew reported amounts away from reality. A topic for another day!

Developing light snow and lower elevation mix will generate less than ideal travel conditions later tonight into Thursday. Accumulations of snow are expected to remain light and mainly at elevations above 1500-2000 feet. Exercise caution when driving overnight into morning.

Update at 1:00 AM Thursday_The sticking snow level will drop to between 1500 and 2000 feet in locations along and north of the High Knob Massif and Tennessee Valley Divide.

Accumulations are expected to vary from a dusting to 1″, with locally higher amounts possible (mainly above 2500-3000 ft).

Low cloud bases, with riming, will occur at the highest elevations. Areas of fog will become possible at middle-lower elevations.

Former Caution Statement

Caution for snow covered roads and slick conditions at highest elevations in the High Knob Massif into Tuesday.

A 2019-20 winter season trend of snow being biased toward the highest elevations continued into the beginning of this new work week on Monday.

A general 1.0″ to 2.5″ of snow stuck at elevations above 3000 feet on the windward side of the High Knob Massif, from the crest of Powell Mountain across Big Cherry Lake Basin to the peak of High Knob. This included locations such as Thunderstruck Knob, Camp Rock Meadow, Little Mountain Knob, Bowman Mountain, Eagle Knob and the High Knob Lookout. Although snow tended to melt or to partially melt at elevations in the 3000-3500 foot zone, it remained all day, along with rime, at highest elevations.

Weather Headlines

*A weakening upper air wave will generate high elevation snow and lower elevation mix-rain Wednesday night into Thursday. Accumulations of generally a dusting to 1″ are expected, mainly at elevations above 2500-3000 feet.

Air only marginally cold enough for snow will continue to bias accumulations toward the highest elevations. In addition, shearing of upper air waves continue to weaken them which limits their strength.

*Moisture with a upper wave in the southern jet stream is being monitored for Friday night-Saturday. At this time the bulk of moisture is expected to pass southeast of the mountains with this southern wave. A clipper system to the north, in the polar jet stream, is also being watched.

Due to marginally cold air, accumulations will continue to be biased toward the highest elevations and at this time are generally expected to be light (some heavier snow at higher elevations can not yet be ruled completely out).

Although the February pattern is looking stormy, there is not yet a definitive focus on a major snowstorm. A survey of 70 ensemble members of the European-GFS model groups from the 1200 UTC model run of 29 January found only 20 to 30% showing significant snow accumulations between 29 January and 13 February.

*A milder period is expected through the beginning of February before a change to colder conditions becomes possible later in the first week or early second week of the new month. A wet pattern is likely to redevelop.

A general SW upper-level flow favors the continuation of a wet pattern in February, and at this time much more rain than snow through the first week of the month as mean temperatures will be well above average.

Reference Mid-Winter 2020_High Knob Massif for updated precipitation amounts from the City of Norton into the high country of the High Knob Massif.

Stay tuned for updates.

ALERT For Accumulating Snow And Hazardous Travel At Upper Elevations Between Midnight And Noon Monday

Snow is expected to develop later tonight into Monday at upper elevations, with a general 2″ to 4″ expected above 3000 feet in the High Knob Massif-Black Mountain area. Locally higher amounts will be possible, especially in the 4000 to 6000+ foot elevation zone from Mount Rogers and Whitetop southwest to Roan and the Great Smokies.

What appeared to be snow falling, during a period of Sunday afternoon sunshine, was rime crystals dropping off trees and towers on Eagle Knob where around 1″ of snow initially stuck and covered roads into early Saturday.

This forecast temperature time series off the high-resolution NAM 3 KM Model is predicting an elevation snow event, with the summit-level of High Knob in freezing air versus above freezing air in Wise. What the model can not typically do is properly resolve the local terrain and orographics, such that orographically force rising will cool the air and allow snow to fall at a lower elevation than suggested. The forecast dilemma being how low will the sticking snow level get? Ideally, if rising was coupled vertically it would reach all the way to the floor of Powell Valley and the Powell River Valley, however, as I discuss below, models are not currently showing a coupled unidirectional flow and instead predict too much cross-terrain flow above the surface SW flow (with sinking over mountain ridges working against upslope and up-valley cooling on the surface).

For those who got excited at the possibility of a SW Upslope Flow snow impacting Powell Valley and the Powell River Valley, I can not officially pull the trigger due to predicted model air flow trajectories which currently do not match my composite of SW Flow snowfall events observed in the past.

Although low-level winds will be SW, there is too much cross-terrain flow above the surface to match past events. This does not mean it could not happen, it only means that unless the flow above the surface is more SSW-WSW than currently predicted by models there looks to be too much terrain induced cross-isobaric ageostrophic flow for a coupled SW Flow snowfall event. In other words, too much sinking across mountain ridges into the valley to counter up-valley and up-slope flow adiabatic cooling, and air temperatures will not cool enough to allow sticking to the valley floor. On the other hand, if deeper SSW-WSW flow actually forms then snow falling above will be able to work down to the surface.

A coating of snow covered high elevations throughout the weekend, as visible across northern slopes of the High Knob Massif along the horizon (above). A trend that more often than not has dominated the 2019-20 winter season up to this point in time.

Weather Headlines

*Colder air will dominate the weekend with intervals of light snow, flurries and snow showers into early Sunday. Low cloud bases will generate riming (freezing fog) at the upper elevations. Any sticking of snow will be light and mainly at upper elevations, with generally a dusting up to 1″ expected (locally more possible on highest peaks).

A break in activity is expected Sunday afternoon in between the current system and the next upper air disturbance arriving into early Monday.

*A upper air disturbance and Great Lake moisture will offer a better chance for more widespread accumulations Monday into Tuesday. Locations typically experiencing upsloping on SW to NW flow will be most favored. The potential for 1″ to 4″ of snow is a preliminary estimate for these upslope locations (heaviest upper elevations).

School schedule changes will be likely for Monday and Tuesday (January 27-28).

While upslope cooling on SSW-WSW flow and snow in the corridor from Wise southwest through Powell Valley and Big Stone Gap into Lee County can not be ruled out, the current pre-event air flow predictions do not look as favorable for middle-lower elevations.

The level of sticking snow remains to be seen, with upper elevations around and above 3000 feet currently being most favored for accumulations. A vertical shift of 500 vertical feet or more could easily occur in the eventual level of sticking snow depending upon actual air flow trajectories and cooling-warming with rising-sinking along the High Knob Landform corridor.

Short-Term Forecast

Friday Night Into Saturday Morning

Lowering clouds with rain showers redeveloping and becoming mixed with or changing to snow at middle-lower elevations. Changing to snow upper elevations. Turning colder. Winds SW to W at 5-15 mph with higher gusts. Temperatures dropping into the mid-upper 20s at upper elevations and the 30s at middle-lower elevations. Wind chills falling into the 10s and 20s, except single digits in gusts toward morning on highest ridges. Accumulations up to 1″ above 3000 feet. Riming developing at elevations above 3000-3300 feet.

Saturday Morning Through The Afternoon

Cloudy and cold. Intervals of light snow, flurries and heavier local snow showers. Winds SW to W at 5-15 mph, with higher gusts. Temperatures holding nearly steady, in the 20s at upper elevations and 30s to near 40 degrees at middle-lower elevations. Low cloud bases with riming at highest elevations. Wind chills varying from 10s at the upper elevations to the 20s to lower 30s.

The best sticking potential for snow, outside of upper elevations, will exist Saturday evening into Sunday morning for locations below 2500 feet. That is, temperatures will tend to be above freezing at elevations below 2500 feet prior to Saturday night. Moisture will be limited and accumulations, if any at lower elevations, are expected to be light.

Saturday Night Into Mid-Morning Sunday

Cloudy and seasonally cold. Intervals of light snow and flurries. Heavier local snow showers possible. Winds SW to W at 5-15 mph, with higher gusts. Temps varying from upper 10s to upper 20s to around 30 degrees. Low cloud bases with riming at upper elevations. Wind chills from single digits at highest elevations to the 10s & 20s.

Sunday Afternoon

Low clouds breaking to increasing mid-level clouds. Winds SW-W at 5-15 mph, with some higher gusts. Temps varying from upper 20s to lower 30s to the upper 30s to lower 40s. Wind chills varying from 10s and 20s to 30s, coldest at highest elevations.

The potential for a light SW upslope flow snow is being monitored for Sunday Night into Monday on SSW-WSW flow. Locations along and southwest of the Tennessee Valley Divide and High Knob Massif will be most favored for sticking snow at lower-middle elevations (through the defined High Knob Landform corridor of Lee County into Powell Valley) in comparison to lower-middle elevations under downslope flow across northern Wise and much of Dickenson-Buchanan counties.

Sunday Night Through Mid-Morning Monday

Lowering cloud bases with snow developing at upper elevations. Mixed snow-rain at lower elevations. Winds SW-WSW 5-15 mph, with higher gusts, below 2700 feet. WSW-WNW winds 10-20 mph, with higher gusts, along mountain ridges above 2700 feet. Temperatures varying from 20s at highest elevations to the 30s (warmest in the downslope locations of northern Wise and Dickenson-Buchanan counties). Riming at high elevations. Wind chills varying from 10s to low 20s at upper elevations to the 20s & 30s at middle-lower elevations.

Following a likely break Monday afternoon, a shift to NW air flow will change the locations receiving the best potential for more snow to stick during Monday night into Tuesday to typical NW flow locations.

*The potential for a major winter storm system is still being monitored for the end of January-early February period, however, the setting is looking less favorable at the current time (26 January) for a major event across the southern Appalachians. There remains plenty of time for changes (which will occur in the modeling) so stay tuned for later updates.

Will the snow drought starting in early 2019 ever end? Reference my 012120 Extended Discussion.

Weather Headlines

ALERT For Strong Winds Developing Thursday Night Into Friday Morning At Upper Elevations And Locally In Lower Elevations With Mountain Waves

An increasing pressure gradient will generate strong SE to SSE winds across the mountain area late Thursday into Friday morning as rain develops. Winds will be strongest along high mountain ridges and within locations leeward of them where mountain waves will become active.

An inversion within the 875-850 MB layer will be conducive to breaking mountain waves, with reflection of strong winds downward into favored locations from Powell Valley and Pine Mountain in Wise County, and the Clinch Valley of Russell & Tazewell counties, into the Camp Creek and Cove Mountain areas of eastern Tennessee. Wind gusts of 40-60+ mph will be likely in the impacted locations.

*Bitter air through tonight into Wednesday morning will feature the coldest temperatures of the season to date in mountain valleys.

Snowfall at highest elevations in the lifting zone of the High Knob Massif ended up being more significant than expected, with large dendritic snowflakes adding to a two-day snowfall total of around 4″ (up to 6″+ in drifts).

While this pushes the seasonal snowfall tally to nearly 30″ at highest elevations in the massif, it has mostly been a “nickel-dime” type of scenario with no storm since December 2018 producing more than a foot of depth in the high country.**

**When not including drifting. The current season to date tally is much below the longer-term average.

At middle to lower elevations, snow accumulated and sublimated-melted during the 2-day event with less total depth than observed at upper elevations. Snowfall was widespread and roads became slick to result in schools closing in Buchanan, Dickenson and Wise counties into morning hours of 21 January.

The official 2-day snowfall tally reached 1″ in Clintwood, at 1560 feet elevation, to exemplify how light the event was for much of the area as the snow drought officially continues onward given one must go all the way back to the 8-10th period of December 2018 to find a snowfall with more than 4″ of snow depth in Clintwood***.

***A 1-3 December 2019 storm featured the last snow with more than 4″ of depth in the High Knob Massif. The big snow of December 2018 was the last major snowstorm event for the region in general, with 18″-24″ of snow in upper elevations of the High Knob Massif.

Most of Virginia did not have any snowfall, at least none to accumulate, and few to no clouds during the past 48-hours (20-21 January 2020) with both clouds and snow restricted to lifting zones with respect to NW-NE air flow trajectories. Most of Virginia rests leeward of the eastern West Virginia highlands, under downslope flow, on air flow trajectories possessing WNW-N trajectories, with the exception being far southwestern Virginia.

Short-Term Forecast

Tuesday Night Into Wednesday Morning

Mostly clear. Large vertical temperature spread between bitter cold valleys and rising readings on upper elevation mountain ridges. Light N-NE winds, except 5 to 10 mph with some higher gusts on mid-upper elevation ridges. Temperatures in the single digits and 10s, with extremes varying from near 0 degrees (F) or locally below in upper elevation valleys (from the High Knob Massif to Burkes Garden) to readings rising through the 20s along upper elevation mountain ridges.

A 20 to 30+ degree vertical temperature difference is expected to develop into Wednesday morning between colder mountain valleys and higher mountain ridges where warm air advection will begin (initially enhancing low-level drying). Coldest temperatures will develop in upper elevation basins from the High Knob Massif to Burkes Garden where colder sites could drop below 0 degrees (F). The potential for classic Appalachian frost pockets sites, Big Cherry Lake Basin and Burkes Garden, to drop well below zero exists given temperatures at 7:30 PM (21 January) have already fallen into single digits in these colder locations.

Shady Valley is a classic frost pocket location in northeastern Tennessee, but it tends to run warmer (on average) than the Big Cherry Basin and Burkes Garden.

Wednesday Afternoon

Increasing high clouds. Milder. Winds E-SSE at generally less than 10 mph. Temps varying from 30s to lower 40s to the mid-upper 40s (warmest in valleys of the Clinch, Powell and Holston).

Wednesday Night Into Thursday Morning

High clouds. Winds SSE-SSW at 5-15 mph, with higher gusts, on middle elevation mountain ridges and exposed plateaus below 2700 feet. Winds S-SW 10-25 mph with higher gusts on mountain ridges above 2700 feet. Temps varying from 10s to low 20s in colder mountain valleys sheltered from wind to 30s along breezy-gusty mountain ridges. Wind chills in the 10s and 20s on ridges above 2500-3000 feet.

Thursday Afternoon

Mid-high clouds. Winds SSE-SSW at 5-20 mph with higher gusts, especially along middle-upper elevation mountain ridges. Temperatures varying from lower 40s at upper elevations to the upper 40s to lower 50s. Wind chills in the 30s to lower 40s, except 20s possible within stronger gusts on highest peaks.

Thursday Night Into Friday Morning

Increasing and lowering clouds with rain developing. Winds SE-SSE 10-20 mph, with higher gusts, on mountain ridges & plateaus below 2700 feet. Winds SSE-S at 15-30 mph, with higher gusts, along mountain ridges above 2700 feet. Temperatures varying from 30s to lower 40s (coldest at highest elevations). Wind chills in the 20s and 30s (coldest upper elevation mountain ridges).

Precipitation may begin as snow, frozen or mixed precipitation along the eastern slopes of the Blue Ridge. Any snow on highest peaks will tend to change to rain as potential frozen precipitation continues at lower elevations on easterly flow before eventually being overwhelmed by warm air advection.

Friday Morning Through The Afternoon

Rain and rain showers, wind driven at mid-upper elevations. A chance of thunder. Local downpours, especially within upslope locations along and south-southeast of the High Knob Massif and Black Mountain corridor. Becoming showery and more scattered. Windy. SE-SSE winds 10-25 mph, with higher gusts, shifting SW by late afternoon. Temps in the 30s to lower-middle 40s (coldest at high elevations). Cloud bases lowering to obscure upper elevations. Wind chills in 20s and 30s (coldest at highest elevations).

Following a break in activity by late afternoon-early evening, an influx of low-level moisture on SW-WSW flow will lower cloud bases in lifting zones along the High Knob Landform and Black Mountains. Locations along and southwest of the High Knob Massif & Tennessee Valley Divide will need to monitor for dropping cloud bases that could impact locations from Wise southwest through Little Stone Mountain Gap (Powell Valley Overlook), along the U.S. 23 corridor, during Fright night into the overnight hours of Saturday (January 24-25 period).

Friday Night Into Saturday Morning

Lowering clouds with rain showers redeveloping and becoming mixed with or changing to snow at middle-lower elevations. Changing to snow upper elevations. Turning colder. Winds SW-WSW at 5-15 mph with higher gusts. Temperatures dropping into the mid-upper 20s at upper elevations and the 30s at middle-lower elevations. Wind chills falling into the 10s and 20s, except single digits in gusts toward morning on highest ridges. Accumulations up to 1″ above 3000 feet. Riming developing at elevations above 3000-3300 feet.

Moisture wrapping around a upper-level low, which includes some Great Lake moisture transport, will cause light snow and flurries to develop Friday night into Saturday. Light snow and flurries, along with possibly a few heavier snow showers, will be possible at times through much of the weekend into early Monday. Accumulations are expected to be light, continuing the current trend, with a dusting up to 3″ (greatest at high elevations).

Saturday Morning Through The Afternoon

Cloudy and cold. Intervals of light snow, flurries and heavier local snow showers. Winds SW to W at 5-15 mph, with higher gusts. Temperatures holding nearly steady, in the 20s at upper elevations and 30s to near 40 degrees at middle-lower elevations. Low cloud bases with riming at highest elevations. Wind chills varying from 10s at the upper elevations to the 20s to lower 30s.

Saturday Night Into Sunday Morning

Cloudy and seasonally cold. Intervals of light snow and flurries. Heavier local snow showers possible. Winds SW to W at 5-15 mph, with higher gusts. Temps varying from upper 10s to upper 20s to around 30 degrees. Low cloud bases with riming at upper elevations. Wind chills from single digits at highest elevations to the 10s & 20s.

Extended Forecast Period

Will the southern Appalachian snow drought ever end? Yes, of course it will. But, when?

When I say snow drought I am not referring to the observed trend in downslope locations where a single snow event, such as in December 2018, can skew an entire season. A regression on the past 16 seasons for the Tri-Cities, as an example, reveals an increasing snowfall trend during this short-term period.

Regressing the same period for Mount LeConte, Wise, Clintwood, Burkes Garden and the High Knob Massif all reveal a decreasing short-term trend, especially strong, of course, since the 2015-16 winter season, for the same period that downslope sites like TRI show increases.

**Burkes Garden contains the longest climate record for any station in southwestern Virginia and was selected to illustrate the longer-term trend.

Regressing the past 121 years, using Burkes Garden, reveals an increasing snowfall trend during the long-term but not since 2003-04 (the TRI period illustrated).

With the above noted, a better looking pattern (on paper) should raise hope for snow lovers in the late January to early February period.

A review of 90 ensembles during the 1200 UTC model runs of January 23, for example, found 38 predicting 6″ or more of snow in the Wise area between now and the end of the first week of February (42%). While that is still less than 50%, it is a higher percentage than observed for a long time and at least offers a stronger potential for one or more significant snowfall events.

GFS Ensembles are most bullish, and show the highest percentage, at least, on the morning run of January 23.

Until a major winter storm develops and drops deep snow, of course, always doubt while in snow drought.

Reference Mid-Winter 2020_High Knob Massif

Although moisture in upslope locations has been abundant since the beginning of Meteorological Winter, the mean storm track has kept the Mountain Empire and much of the eastern USA on the warm side of synoptic-scale storm systems which is unfavorable for significant falls of snow, especially given wrap-around flow into the upslope locations have more often than not lacked any significant Great Lake moisture transport.

Time will tell if the upcoming pattern can finally change this, with a wave during late January-early February offering the first potential. Stay tuned for updates.

Weather Headlines

*Cloudy and cold conditions, with light snow-flurries, will continue through Monday night into early Tuesday before much drier low-level air arrives. Sub-zero wind chills will continue at highest elevations, with single digits and 10s at lower-middle elevations. Caution is advised.

Update_11:30 PM Monday…Despite anticyclonic flow a plume of low-level moisture transport from the Great Lakes will continue widespread light snow, flurries, and locally heavier snow showers through the overnight into Tuesday morning (most widespread in locations along and west of the Cumberland-Allegheny Front which includes Buchanan, Dickenson & Wise counties in Virginia). Accumulations from a dusting to 1″ of low density snow will be common.

Expect slick road conditions at upper elevations, with increasing slick areas into middle to lower elevations.

Monday Afternoon Update

Roads are snow covered at highest elevations in the High Knob Massif, with slick spots possible or becoming possible on other roads at lower elevations through Monday night in locations along & north-northwest of the Cumberland-Allegheny Front.

A general 1″ to 2″ of low density snow fell at upper elevations in the High Knob Massif, above 3300 feet, with slick morning road conditions above 2500-3000 feet. Rime formation was also observed to mark 30 days with riming since the start of this winter season (rime deposition acts as an important secondary input of moisture to the annual water budget within upper elevations).

The Monday morning drive to work along State Route 706, courtesy of RN Darlene Fields. Wind blown, low density snow easily blew across roadways, despite sublimation which was a much bigger factor than melting amid single digit air temps.

Air temperatures Monday have struggled to break 10 degrees on High Knob, and 20 degrees in Wise, with colder wind chills.

*Cold and gusty NW-N winds will generate bitter wind chills, with single digits and 10s being widespread into Monday. Sub-zero wind chill factors will occur in the upper elevations. Caution is advised.

*Flurries and light snow, with a few snow showers, will be observed through Sunday night into early Monday, especially along and northwest of the High Knob Massif-Tennessee Valley Divide (Cumberland-Allegheny Front). A chance of flurries-light snow will continue to Tuesday.

A little moisture transport from the Great Lakes will support flurries and light snow, but any accumulations are expected to be light in the southern Appalachians with a dusting up to 1″ being possible.

*Cold temperatures will continue through the middle of this week, with prime cooling conditions in mountain valleys during Tuesday night into Wednesday AM. The only missing ingredient (for this time of year) being significant snow depth.

Appalachian frost pockets will be coldest into Wednesday morning, with classic locations from the High Knob Massif to Burkes Garden having the potential to reach 0 degrees (F) or below. Coldest temperatures observed to date in these locations have been in the 0 to 5 above range, so Wednesday AM has a good opportunity to produce the coldest MINS so far this season in these places.

Short-Term Forecast

Overnight Into Monday Morning

Cloudy with flurries and light snow. Bitter. Gusty NW-N winds 5 to 15 mph, with higher gusts on middle to upper elevation mountain ridges and exposed plateaus. Temps dropping into the 10s, with single digits across the upper elevations. Wind chills varying from single digits and 10s at mid-lower elevations to sub-zero at upper elevations, locally colder than -10 degrees (F) upon highest peaks. Riming on highest peaks Snow accumulations from a dusting up to 1″ .

Widespread light snow and flurries will occur with upsloping NW-N low-level flow into the western front range of the Appalachians, along and NW-N of the High Knob Massif and Tennessee Valley Divide (Cumberland Front) in southwestern Virginia and the Allegheny Front in West Virginia. Accumulations of a dusting to 1″ will be widespread, with higher amounts along the eastern-northern West Virginia highlands and locally at highest elevations of the High Knob Massif.

Monday Afternoon

Partly to mostly cloudy. Chance of flurries and light snow showers. Cold. Northerly winds 5 to 15 mph with some higher gusts. Temperatures varying from low-mid 10s to the mid-upper 20s (coldest at highest elevations). Wind chills in single digits and 10s, except sub-zero at highest elevations.

Monday Night Into Tuesday Morning

Mostly cloudy. Flurries, light snow and snow showers. Winds N-NE at 5 to 10 mph with higher gusts. Continued cold with temps in the single digits and 10s (coldest in upper elevations). Wind chills varying from sub-zero upper elevations to the single digits & low 10s. Accumulations of a dusting to 1″ .

Despite anticyclonic flow, a plume of Great Lake moisture will produce widespread light snow and flurries along the upslope side of the mountains with respect to N-NE flow. Due to cold temperatures, slick road conditions will be a factor. Much drier low-level air is then expected to advect into the area during Tuesday on anticyclonic flow.

Tuesday Afternoon

Becoming sunny. Seasonally cold. N-NE winds 5-10 mph with higher gusts. Temperatures varying from the lower 20s to the lower 30s (coldest highest elevations). Wind chills in the 10s and 20s, except single digits in gusts on highest peaks.

Tuesday Night Into Wednesday Morning

Mostly clear. Large vertical temperature spread between bitter cold valleys and rising readings on upper elevation mountain ridges. Light N-NE winds, except 5 to 10 mph with some higher gusts on mid-upper elevation ridges. Temperatures in the single digits and 10s, with extremes varying from near 0 degrees (F) or locally below in upper elevation valleys to readings rising through the 20s along upper elevation mountain ridges.

A 20 to 30+ degree vertical temperature difference is expected to develop into Wednesday morning between colder mountain valleys and higher mountain ridges where warm air advection will begin (initially enhancing low-level drying). Coldest temperatures will develop in upper elevation basins from the High Knob Massif to Burkes Garden where colder sites could drop to near or below 0 degrees (F).

*The potential for a couple of winter storm events is being monitored for next weekend (January 25-26), and toward the end of January-early February.

Weather Headlines

ALERT For Strong S-SW Winds Developing Overnight Through Saturday Afternoon

Strong SW winds blowing now at upper elevations in the High Knob Massif will increase overnight into Saturday and mix downward across middle into the lower elevations. Wind gusts of 30-50 mph will become widespread, with higher gusts to hurricane force at highest elevations in the High Knob Massif. Local tree damage and power outages will be possible.

*Seasonally cold conditions will be felt tonight through Friday night

*An alert for High Winds will be likely for Saturday (January 18)

*A colder pattern next week features arctic air from Sunday through early week

*The Snow Drought (from 2019) looks to continue with light amounts expected at this time. A few ensemble members are predicting significant snow, but the majority are not. Stay tuned.

Short-Term Forecast

Thursday Night Into Friday Morning

High clouds. NW-NE winds 5-15 mph, with some higher gusts, on mid-upper elevation mountain ridges-plateaus. Temps falling into the 20s, except 10s within the colder mountain valleys and on coldest mountain ridges. Wind chills falling into the 20s, except single digits and 10s on mid-upper elevation mountain ridges (locally sub-zero on highest peaks, such as at the High Knob Lookout).

Cold air transport will continue near the surface into early hours of Friday (the coldest transport centered around 925 MB) as warm air advection begins aloft (high clouds), and on highest mountain ridges into sunrise. Turbulent mixing will oppose decoupling, but frictional terrain drag below an increasing inversion within the 875-775 MB layer should allow many valleys to decouple with developing drainage flows into the overnight.

Increasing high clouds aloft will hinder OLR into the predawn-sunrise period, such that cooling conditions will not be ideal despite the advected presence of very dry (very low dewpoint) air within cold air drainage source locations of the higher mountain terrain during Thursday night into Friday morning.

Friday Afternoon

High & mid-level clouds. Seasonally cold. Easterly winds becoming SE to S at 5-10 mph, with higher gusts. Temps varying from the 30s to low-mid 40s. Wind chills in the 20s and 30s on higher mountain ridges.

Friday Night Into Saturday Morning

Cloudy. A chance of freezing rain or sleet by morning. Becoming windy (beginning on highest ridges and mixing downward into middle-lower elevations into morning). Large vertical temperature spread developing initially between decoupled mountain valleys (light to calm winds) and increasingly windy mountain ridges.

Strong evaporative cooling in a dry low-level air mass will have the potential of causing enough cooling for freezing rain and/or sleet-snow at the onset of precipitation. This will be especially true if precip onset is early Saturday. A more widespread array of frozen precipitation is expected initially along the eastern slopes of the Blue Ridge (reference any SPS or advisories).

SSE-S winds increasing to 10-25 mph, with higher gusts, on mountain ridges & exposed plateaus below 2700 feet. S-SW winds 20-35 mph, with higher gusts, on mountain ridges above 2700 feet. Temps mainly in the 30s, locally colder in sheltered valleys and highest windward facing mountain ridges. Wind chills in the 20s and 30s, except 10s at highest elevations.

Saturday Morning Through The Afternoon

Windy. Rain showers developing. Local downpours, especially in upslope locations. S-SW winds 15-35 mph, with higher gusts (gusts over 50 mph will be possible). Temperatures varying from the upper 30s to upper 40s. Wind chills in the 20s and 30s (coldest high elevations). Areas of fog developing, becoming widespread at high elevations during afternoon-early evening).

Rain will be wind driven in strong upslope flow at mid-upper elevations. This will enhance rain amounts within orographic forcing zones of the High Knob Massif-Black Mountain corridor.

Saturday Night Into Sunday Morning

Windy and turning colder. Evening showers, then a chance of flurries and light snow showers overnight into morning. SW winds shifting WNW at 10-25 mph, with higher gusts. Temps dropping into the middle 10s to mid-upper 20s (coldest at highest elevations). Wind chills single digits and 10s (sub-zero in gusts along highest peaks).

Wind chills will become dangerous to those unprepared at mid-upper elevations during Sunday into Monday. Caution is advised. Riming is expected at highest elevations during much of this period.

Extended Forecast Period

A push of bitter arctic air will arrive this weekend into early next week, with cold air advection beginning Saturday Night into Sunday (January 18-19).

Although some snow showers and flurries will be possible, a Great Lake connection may be too short-lived for significant snow in upslope locations of the southern Appalachians. This will be a trend to follow, given that the Great Lakes are essentially ice free and could be very productive snow squall-plume producers with the right, prolonged flow pattern (which has been limited for the southern Appalachians from last winter up to now).

The coldest air mass will be in place Monday into early Tuesday (January 20-21), with single digits on upper elevation mountain ridges (not including wind chills). Snow cover would make this much more potent, while the lack of snow will help moderate the air mass.

The European Model predicts a rebound to above average temperatures by the middle to end of next week. This is due to a progressive air flow pattern across the Northern Hemisphere, with no high latitude blocking in the right location to lock the colder pattern in place.

The GFS Ensemble Mean maintains colder air along the Appalachians to the Atlantic Coast (above) with more upper troughing versus more ridging (below) on the European Model Ensemble Mean.

The GFS Ensemble Mean says the 10-15+ day period will also trend colder again. Stay tuned for later updates.

Weather Headlines

*Cold and blustery, wintry air will be felt Thursday as skies become mostly sunny during the afternoon with a surge of increasingly dry low-level air.

A notable northwest to southeast temperature gradient will be present, with much colder conditions along and west to northwest of the Cumberland-Allegheny Front.

Widespread Dense Fog At Upper Elevations Into Early Thursday

Former ALERT

ALERT For Areas of Dense Fog

Due to the amount of fog developing at lower elevations I have changed the alert to be more general through tonight into Wednesday. Persistent low clouds in orographic upslope flow will continue to produce dense fog at high elevations into early hours of Thursday.

*Rain with a chance of thunderstorms spreads back across the mountain area Tuesday into Wednesday-Thursday (January 14-16).

Heaviest rain totals are expected to extend from the Cumberland Mountains south across the Tennessee Valley and southern Appalachians. Those living and driving along streams and in low-lying, flood prone locations will need to be alert for ponding and water level rises given saturated ground and recent rains.

*Colder air pushes into the mountains Thursday into Friday morning. The coldest air will be in lower levels of the atmosphere with an inversion aloft. The coldest low level air will be felt in locations along and north of the Tennessee Valley Divide and High Knob Massif.

Short-Term Forecast

Overnight Into Monday Morning

High clouds. Large vertical temperature spread between sheltered mountain valleys and gusty middle to upper elevation mountain ridges. Winds WSW-WNW 5-20 mph, with higher gusts, on mid-upper elevation ridges. MIN temperatures varying from 28 to 34 degrees in colder valleys to the mid 40s to low 50s. Wind chills in the 30s along upper elevation mountain ridges.

Mountain valleys decoupled from boundary layer winds, especially at lower-middle elevations, will be much colder than exposed mid-upper elevation ridges which will hold in the middle 40s to lower 50s.

Monday Afternoon

High clouds. Unseasonably mild with temperatures varying from upper 40s to the middle-upper 50s. Winds SE to S at generally less than 10 mph below 2700 feet. Winds S-SW at 5-15 mph, with higher gusts, at upper elevations.

Monday Night Into Tuesday Morning

Increasing and lowering clouds with rain developing toward morning. A chance of thunderstorms. Windy across mountain ridges and exposed plateaus. Winds SSE-SSW at 5-15 mph and gusty below 2500 feet. SSW-SW winds 15-25 mph, with higher gusts, on mountain ridges above 2700-3000 feet. Unseasonably mild with temps in the upper 40s to middle 50s, except colder in sheltered valleys into the evening prior to rises. Cloud bases lowering to obscure high mountain ridges into Tuesday morning.

Isentropic upglide with increasing warm air advection will increase the coverage of rain, with the chance of elevated convection, across the southern Appalachians and Tennessee Valley into Tuesday morning. Temperatures in sheltered mountain valleys will be able to decouple initially from PBL flow, with drops into Monday evening prior to rising temperatures into the overnight with enhanced mixing and development of showers and possible elevated thunderstorms with downward momentum transfer.

Interactive Doppler Radar

Update_Tuesday Afternoon

Periods of light rain and drizzle. SW-W winds 5-15 mph, with higher gusts along mid-upper elevation mountain ridges, becoming NW-N. Dense fog (lowering cloud bases) widespread at mid-upper elevations along and north of the High Knob Massif-Tennessee Valley Divide (areas of fog at low-middle elevations elsewhere). Temperatures mainly in the upper 40s to upper 50s.

Tuesday Night Into Wednesday Morning

Low clouds. Dense fog at upper elevations, with cloud bases on middle elevations along and northward of the High Knob Massif-Tennessee Valley Divide. A chance of showers, with thunder possible into morning. Variable winds at 5-15 mph with higher gusts on mountain ridges. Temps in the 40s to lower 50s (coolest high elevations).

Wednesday Afternoon

A chance of showers and thunderstorms. SW winds 10-20 mph, with higher gusts, especially along middle to upper elevation mountain ridges-plateaus. Temps varying from the lower 50s (upper elevations) to the lower 60s, except locally warmer with downsloping into northern portions of Wise, Dickenson and Buchanan counties. Dense fog continuing at upper elevations in the High Knob Massif with orographic upslope flow (temps around 50 degrees along highest ridges with wind chills in the lower 40s).

The chance for showers, with possible local thunder, will increase into Wednesday evening and the early overnight hours of Thursday along and ahead of a cold frontal boundary that marks the beginning of cold air advection.

Wednesday Night Into Thursday Morning

Showers likely with a chance of thunderstorms, then turning colder with a chance of scattered light showers-drizzle. Dense fog at upper elevations becoming freezing fog along highest ridges by morning. Wind shifting NW at 8-18 mph with higher gusts. Sunrise temps dropping into the 30s (20s at upper elevations above 3500 feet) by mid-morning to mid-day (milder within downslope locations in the Clinch, Powell, Holston valleys).

Cold air advection will be ongoing into Thursday morning and MIN temperatures are currently expected to occur through mid-morning, with readings holding near steady (rising slightly or falling slightly) during Thursday afternoon (20s at upper elevations and 30s to around 40 degrees at lower-middle elevations along and northward of the High Knob Massif-Tennessee Valley Divide). Gusty NW winds will make conditions feel significantly colder (wintry air), especially on mountain ridges & exposed plateaus.

Low clouds may linger in NW flow upslope locations through mid-morning prior to being overwhelmed (evaporated) by increasing dry air advection, thus I have now worded my updated Thursday afternoon forecast (made Wednesday afternoon) as “becoming” mostly sunny as a wintry cold air mass is felt.

Thursday Afternoon

Becoming mostly sunny & colder. Temperatures near steady (rising slightly then falling) in the upper 30s to lower 40s in locations along and north of the High Knob Massif and Tennessee Valley Divide (20s to lower 30s at highest elevations). Milder in valleys with downsloping into the Clinch, Powell, Holston river basins. NW winds 8-18 mph with higher gusts. Wind chills in the upper 20s and 30s, except 10s to mid 20s at upper elevations.

Cold air transport will continue near the surface into early hours of Friday as warm air advection begins aloft (increasing high clouds), and on highest mountain ridges into sunrise. Turbulent mixing will oppose decoupling, but frictional terrain drag below an increasing inversion within the 850-775 MB layer should allow many valleys to decouple with developing drainage flows.

Increasing high clouds aloft will hinder OLR into the predawn-sunrise period, such that cooling conditions will not be ideal despite the advected presence of very dry (very low dewpoint) air within cold air drainage source locations of the higher mountain terrain during Thursday night into Friday AM.

Thursday Night Into Friday Morning

Mostly clear early with increasing high clouds. NW-NE winds 5-15 mph, with some higher gusts, on mid-upper elevation mountain ridges. Temperatures widespread in the 20s, except 10s possible in colder mountain valleys and on coldest mountain ridges. Wind chills in the 10s to lower 20s on mountain ridges and exposed plateaus, except single digits in gusts on coldest ridges.

**An alert for High Winds will be likely for Saturday (January 18)

Weather Headlines

Update at 10 PM Saturday (January 11)

ALERT For Strong SW-W Winds Continues Into The Overnight With Diminishing Winds By Sunday Morning

Widespread 40-50 mph wind gusts will continue into the overnight. Locally higher gusts will occur. Wind speeds are expected to decrease by the predawn-sunrise period.

Interactive AEP Power Outage Map

Strong rises are occurring on steep creeks draining the High Knob Massif and these rises will continue overnight before beginning to drop Sunday.

A general 1.50″ to 2.00″ of rainfall have caused strong rises on creeks draining the high country surrounding High Knob. Caution is advised. Another period of downpours will occur along a cold front.

Previous ALERTS

ALERT For Strong SSE-SSW Winds Late Thursday Into Friday And Late Friday Through Saturday (January 9-11)

Although recent days have already been windy, with 40-50 mph gusts common at high elevations into morning hours of January 8 (local gusts to 92 mph in the Swinging Bridge Gap on Grandfather Mountain), a more widespread and prolonged period of wind is upcoming for the mountain region.

850 MB Wind Streamlines_North America

*WIND will be a big weather factor in coming days as the pressure gradient tightens up across the eastern USA with amplification of a ridge-trough-ridge pattern.

Showers and thunderstorms, with the potential for high winds and downpours of heavy rain, will impact the mountain area Saturday evening. Remain alert to NOAA Weather Radio and your favorite media sources for possible watches or warnings.

Interactive Doppler Radar

500 MB Wind Streamlines_North America

The movement of air, commonly called wind, is a very interesting atmospheric phenomenon. You can feel and smell it (due to natural and artificial chemicals) but can not see it unless something moves or rising motion causes moisture in the air to undergo condensation.

*A potentially major outbreak of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes will impact the Deep South during Friday into Saturday (January 10-11). A squall line of strong to severe thunderstorms will approach the Appalachians from the west-southwest by later Saturday.

An increasing temperature gradient across the North America continent, between the northern Rockies and eastern USA, will drive not only wind but anomalous temperatures and warmth for deep convection.

While snow has been melting, some slick areas on roads remain at highest elevations in the High Knob Massif.

Snow will become a memory into this weekend as anomalous warmth spreads across the Appalachians.

Detailed Mountain Area Forecast

Tonight Into Thursday Morning

Mostly clear and seasonally cold. Some increasing high clouds toward morning. Increasingly large vertical temp spread between frosty valleys and milder ridges. Calm valley winds with breezy-gusty W-NW winds 5-15 mph, with higher gusts on mountain ridges-exposed plateaus, decreasing overnight. Minimum temperatures varying from 10s in colder valleys at upper elevations to the 20s, except rising through the 30s on exposed middle-upper elevation mountain ridges (following initial drops).

A change from neutral to warm advection (as visually indicated aloft by increasing high altitude clouds) will allow temperatures on exposed mountain ridges to rise toward the morning hours of Thursday despite a temporary weakening of the pressure gradient.

Thursday Afternoon

Thickening high clouds. Becoming windy. SSE-S winds increasing to 10-25 mph, with higher gusts, below 2700 feet. S-SW winds increasing to 15-30 mph, with higher gusts, above 2700 feet. Max temperatures varying from 40s at upper elevations to the low-middle 50s. Wind chill factors in the 30s to lower 40s, except locally colder in gusts on highest peaks.

Warm advection increases aloft Thursday and the thickening of high clouds at this low sun angle time of year will be a factor to monitor regarding afternoon air temperatures. Ideally, they would be cooler than given above but I have allowed for downslope compression and warming leeward of the windward slopes and mountain barriers to offset the cooling due to decreased insolation through thickening clouds. High, thin clouds contribute more to the natural Greenhouse Effect and tend not to hinder warming until their optical thickness increases as forecast by high resolution models for Thursday afternoon within the 475-225 MB layer of the troposphere. Upslope locations, by contrast, in the High Knob Massif will remain chilly with increasing wind chills combining with decreasing insolation.

Thursday Night Into Friday Morning

High clouds. Windy. SSE-S winds 15-30 mph, with higher gusts, on mountain ridges and exposed plateaus below 2700 feet. S-SSW winds 25-40 mph, with higher gusts, on mountain ridges above 2700-3000 feet. Temperatures in the 30s and 40s, except locally colder in the most highly sheltered valleys (where air temps may fall toward freezing or below then quickly rise with mixing).

If the gradient increases enough by early evening it will hinder PBL decoupling of valleys, with the ones I am allowing for possible, not certain, initial drops being those embedded within the Russell Fork-Levisa Fork basins where lower elevations beneath the Tennessee Valley Divide tend to be more sheltered than valleys embedded within dissected terrain at upper elevations (where the gradient will be stronger and decoupling less likely to nearly impossible due to strong turbulent mixing). This scenario can be applied to other complex terrain locations across the Mountain Empire, but tends to be more widespread in terrain along and just northwest of the Cumberland-Allegheny Front due to its geomorphology.

Friday Morning-Early Hours Of Sunday

While showers will become possible by later Friday and Friday night (likely along eastern slopes of Blue Ridge by earlier Friday), rain with a chance of thunderstorms will become most likely by later Saturday into early hours of Sunday along the western slopes of the Appalachians. A squall line of strong-severe thunderstorms will approach from the west-southwest and will need to be monitored.

Strong pressure gradient winds will be complicated by local mountain wave winds in favored breaking zones along the northwest-north sides of the major mountain barriers (e.g., Powell Valley and Pine Mountain of Wise County to the Clinch River Valley of Russell-Tazewell counties into the leeward zones of eastern Tennessee.

Second Storm Brings Heavy Rainfall Potential

A second storm system will spread rain back across the mountains by later Monday into Tuesday, with a heavy rainfall potential.

Much Colder Pattern In Extended Range

A much colder pattern returns during the week of January 19-25, with potential for conditions to turn extreme in opposition to current anomalous warmth.

Weather Headlines

ALERT For A Messy System Tuesday Morning With Varied Impacts From South To North Across the Mountain Area.

4:30 AM Update: Freezing rain and sleet at Clintwood 1 W changed to heavy snow with 30 degrees as of 4:30 AM.

Very large, silver-dollar size flakes indicate a isothermal profile is developing and a heavy snow band is trying to form, but some sleet is mixing in as well in Clintwood.

A combination of heavy snow and sleet is falling on High Knob, with 30 degrees at the summit levels of Eagle Knob and adjacent Black Mountain. In between 4000 and 1600 feet air temperatures are 34 degrees in Wise at 4:30 AM.

Accumulating snow will be most likely along and north of a Hazard, KY to Hurley, VA line with 2″ to 4″ within the main snow band (locally higher amounts possible).

A dusting to 2″ will be likely south of this line to the High Knob Massif & Tennessee Valley Divide. Heavier amounts, up to 3″ or more, will be possible in upper elevations of the High Knob Massif.

The above is the best forecast currently possible given a high amount of uncertainty in an evolving system.

Updated Discussion

A problematic forecast period is upcoming into Tuesday morning as a fast developing and moving system will be crossing the Appalachians.

For locations along a Pikeville, KY to Elkins, WV line the forecast is relatively easy: Snow. For locations southeast of a Pikeville to Hazard line in eastern KY the forecast has become problematic with warmer air trying to nose into the system around 5,000 feet. Yet, current temperatures are colder than models predict.

Models have trended downward for locations around Norton-Wise, with amounts varying from 0.2″ to 1.4″ in the latest runs as the bulk of precipitation is now being forecast to fall as a cold rain or rain-snow mixture.

The general model trend has been for a northward shift (NW to NE) in the axis of heaviest snowfall.

A notable problem is that current temperatures are colder than models predict and low-level air remains dry with substantial evaporative cooling potential.

This increases concern that models are not fully resolving the cooling potential, such that snowfall amounts could end up higher than indicated now, especially at upper elevations above 3000 feet.

Previous Discussion

*Accumulating snow will be possible Tuesday with a passing upper air disturbance and cold air aloft. The greatest amounts are likely at middle-upper elevations as well as beneath the axis of heaviest snowfall.

While most of the snow accumulation occurred at upper elevations into January 5, a more widespread coverage is expected Tuesday with a combination of early morning onset, more moisture & moderate-heavy snowfall rates.

Extended Forecast Period

*A persistent SW upper air flow is forecast to develop during the January 9-15 period with a heavy to excessive rainfall potential across the lower Ohio Valley, Tennessee Valley and southern-central Appalachians.

An atmospheric river type of setting, anchored by high pressure centers over the eastern Pacific and western Atlantic oceans, is expected to transport Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico moisture across the region with a heavy to excessive rainfall potential.

This heavy rainfall setting will be supported by anomalous January warmth and humidity, with embedded convective rainfall acting to complicate the setting to enhance the flood and flash flood potential.