Rain will change to light snow and snow showers into Tuesday afternoon and evening. Accumulations from a dusting up to 1″ will be possible below 2500-3000 feet, with 1″ to 2″ in upper elevations above 3000 feet (*).

*A burst of snow will be possible in upslope locations along-north of the High Knob Massif and Tennessee Valley Divide between sunset and midnight with the approach of a upper wave and the initial low-level 850 MB thermal minimum on NW-N upslope flow.

Slick conditions will develop on roads at upper elevations with persistent snow and snow showers.

The development of slick conditions will also be possible on middle-lower elevation roadways (especially secondary routes) after sunset within locations receiving more persistent snow showers (upslope locations) and a possible burst of heavier snow between sunset and midnight Tuesday.

Rime formation is expected at elevations above 3000 to 3300 feet, depending upon the exposure, during Tuesday afternoon into Tuesday night with orographic clouds obscuring the high country in sub-freezing air.

Temperatures Will Continue To Drop Into Wednesday Morning.

Air temperatures will drop into the 20s Tuesday night into Wednesday morning, with 10s at highest elevations. Wind chill factors will range in the 10s to near 20 degrees, except for single digits at upper elevations (locally below zero on highest peaks).

Caution Advised Around Whitewater Creeks Draining The High Knob Massif

High stream levels and swift water on creeks draining the High Knob Massif will continue through tonight into Wednesday, (18 December) following a general 1.50″ to 2.00″ of rainfall.

Former Alerts

ALERT For The Potential Of Flash Flooding And Flooding Late Monday Into Tuesday

A general 0.50″ to 1.00″ of rain fell overnight into Monday morning, from the High Knob Massif northward to Clintwood and Breaks Interstate Park, with embedded thunderstorms. Additional rain, with possible downpours, will become likely Monday night into the overnight-predawn hours of Tuesday.

Interactive Doppler Radar

*The latest HRRR (High Resolution Rapid Refresh) model is showing the potential for 1.00″ to 2.00″ rain amounts into Tuesday morning and is attempting to resolve the orographic component. Models struggle to handle both convection and orographics.

850 MB Streamline Flow Field

Atmospheric conditions over the mountains are more stable than locations to the west and southwest of the Appalachians, but there is a notable orographic component on moderate-strong SSW-WSW flow streaming from the Gulf of Mexico (sea level) upward into the Cumberland Overthrust Block and High Knob Landform.

Residents living or driving along streams or into low-lying, typically flood prone locations should remain alert for changing conditions through tonight into early Tuesday.

Water gushing out of the High Knob Massif in wake of recent rainfall and snow-rime melt is expected to continue through Tuesday, with potential for significant rises in water levels if additional downpours develop into Tuesday.

Strong SW Winds Monday Night Into Tuesday AM Will Shift NW With A Plunge In Temperatures And Wind Chills During Mid-Morning Into Tuesday PM

Update: 3:00 PM Monday_16 December 2019

Wind speeds will increase again Monday Night into Tuesday as a strong cold front approaches and pushes across the mountains. A wind shift from SW to NW is expected between 7-10 AM Tuesday, with a sharp temp drop through mid-morning into Tuesday afternoon.

Former Discussion & Updates

*ALERT For Strong S To SW Winds Developing Monday Into Tuesday AM

*Strong S-SW winds will develop late tonight into Monday morning as a low-level jet streak develops and surges up along the Appalachians with a strengthening pressure gradient in advance of a major storm system.

While wind gusts of 30-40 mph will become common, gusts of 50-60+ mph will be possible, especially at the highest elevations, during the predawn to post-sunrise period of Monday.

Sheltered valleys which decouple this evening from boundary layer flow will initially have calm conditions prior to recoupling with turbulence and mountain waves that will mix out the nocturnal inversion to generate rapid short-period rises in temperature (**).

Update: 3:00 PM Monday_16 December 2019

A 14 degree temperature rise occurred between 12:10 AM and 1:20 AM [19 degree (F) total change to 3:40 AM] as the nocturnal temperature inversion was dissipated by the onset of turbulent mixing and strong SW winds. Peak wind gusts reached 40 to 50 mph during the predawn in the Wise to Pound-Clintwood area.

**I have named this the Appalachian-chinook effect, where a large vertical temperature gradient develops between mountain valleys and exposed ridges and plateaus with development of strong nocturnal temperature inversions and decoupling of boundary layer flow. Turbulent flow then develops with rapid temperature rises over short-time periods as the inversion (typically nocturnal) is mixed out by turbulence.

Update: 3:00 PM Monday_16 December 2019

Stream levels are already elevated from recent rainfall and snow melt, with whitewater creeks draining the High Knob Massif gushing during Saturday (14 December).

A heavy to excessive rainfall potential will exist with the next major storm system, with southward trends in the placement of axes of heaviest rainfall on models during the past 24 to 48 hours.

Counties along the Virginia-Kentucky border are coming into a higher risk with this southward trend that will be complicated by orographically forced lift as well potential for convection to enhance rainfall amounts upon already wet surfaces.

Around 33% of the European Model ensemble group now includes VA-KY border counties in the band of heaviest rainfall amounts versus no members prior to 24-hours ago.

Stay tuned for updates.

Update: Christmas Bird Count 2019

Reference Early Winter_High Knob Massif for more scenes.

Around 50 bird species were identified during another year with bad weather conditions. A light mixture of sleet and snowflakes at the summit level of High Knob gave way to rime formation around mid-day (as the air temp dropped below freezing).

A burst of moderate-heavy, wind driven snow developed around 2:30 PM Saturday (14 December), and although accumulations were generally 0.5″ or less it added insult to already nasty conditions (orographic clouds and wind chills in the 10s).

Weather Headlines

ALERT For Zones Of Freezing Rain During The Predawn To Post-Sunrise Period Of Early Friday (13 December)

Update At 3:00 AM_Friday_13 December 2019

Freezing rain is falling at Clintwood 1 W with 32 degrees. The temperature has risen from a late Thursday evening minimum of 28 degrees. Please use extreme caution if walking on porches, sidewalks or traveling overnight into early Friday for freezing rain in valleys such as those along streams like Georges Fork Creek, Pound River, McClure River, Cranes Nest River, Russell Fork River and Fryingpan Creek (to note a few) within Dickenson County, and similar sections in dissected terrain of Wise County and Buchanan County.

*While widespread freezing rain is expected along and east of the Eastern Continental Divide, there will also be zones of freezing rain within the complex mountain terrain along the Cumberland-Allegheny Front, especially in valleys sheltered from SSE-SSW winds. These valleys are ones which still have snow cover along slopes this afternoon (12 December).

The potential exists for freezing rain, at least briefly, on adiabatic upslope cooling along the High Knob Massif early Friday (mainly above 3000-3300 feet).

Additional areas of freezing rain will also be possible for a period early Friday in other locations that will not be under an official Winter Weather Advisory.

Be certain to check your local conditions before traveling!

Mesoscale Discussion For Forecasters

Due to this being a predawn-early morning event, centered around the AM commute, it would be best if the entire area was placed under an Advisory For Freezing Rain (which I am unofficially doing with the above alert). Counties west of the Eastern Continental Divide could then be dropped from longer-lived advisories currently in effect for eastern zones.

Thursday evening temperatures will be able to drop to and below freezing in many mountain valleys with dry low-level air in place. This cooling will be enhanced by snow cover that continues along slopes within the locations of greatest concern. There is also concern that this evaporative cooling could have more widespread effects, with exposed middle elevation plateaus-ridges west of the Eastern Continental Divide being least likely to have freezing rain. (A low-level inversion is currently in place due to snow cover, with the Thursday PM max reaching 38.8 degrees at the official NWS Cooperative station in Clintwood to contrast with middle 40s at exposed middle elevation sites in Norton-Wise).

**Temperatures Thursday afternoon have been much cooler, for example, at the City of Norton Water Plant versus the Norton Elementary School Weatherbug site, exemplifying the nature of complex terrain variations that models simply can not handle but forecasters must understand and take into account.

Cloud bases will not lower until after midnight. As precip begins, with isentropic upglide driven by positive theta-e advection, evaporative cooling will develop an inversion layer at low-levels that could keep warming winds from mixing downward into the low-level freezing air.

While this will be most widespread along and east of the Eastern Continent Divide, of course, with more classic cold air damming, it will also develop locally within the complex terrain along the western Appalachians where a downslope component of air flow will develop and initially blow across the top of these local inversions until vertical mixing from orographic waves and general atmospheric turbulence can enhance mixing to valley floors. By then, however, most of this initial precipitation driven by isentropic upglide on theta-e advection may be over, helping aid mixing with downslope induced breaks for a time during Friday.

Two Significant Storm Systems In Five Days

The first of two storm systems brings the freezing rain threat early Friday, then a wave of rainfall into Saturday. Rainfall amounts will act to keep water levels elevated. Although flooding is not currently expected, some high water issues can not yet be ruled out given so much recent wetness.

Big Cherry Lake Dam is now overflowing its spillway so future water level rises along the South Fork of Powell River will be more significant for locations downstream in Crackers Neck, East Stone Gap into Big Stone Gap.

Whitewater creeks draining the High Knob Massif are already elevated. There is increasing concern for high water issues, especially into early next week when heavy precipitation amounts are likely, such that the entire mountain area will be at risk.

An influx of colder air Saturday will help to slow run-off and may cause a change to snow. Some accumulation will be possible at upper elevations. Stay tuned for later updates regarding snow levels.

A second storm system follows quickly, with a trough of low pressure already over the area by early Monday. Copious moisture transport from the Gulf of Mexico will threaten the mountain area with heavy to excessive rainfall amounts. A flood potential will exist and must be closely monitored.

While some frozen precipitation may also be a concern, initially the main focus at this point will be on the potential for high water issues early next week during Monday into early Tuesday.

The Bottom Line

*Freezing rain will be widespread along and east of the Eastern Continental Divide Friday with moderate to significant icing developing in a hybrid classic / in-situ cold air damming setting as the anchoring high pressure retreats over time (not anchored).

*Freezing rain will be possible during the predawn-early morning hours of Friday in locations along the western Appalachians, with most favored locations being mountain valleys (beneath a inversion enhanced by evaporative cooling) and upslope locations in the High Knob Massif (on adiabatic upslope cooling). Middle elevation ridges and plateaus, exposed to mixing on SSE to SSW winds, will be least likely to have freezing rain. Everyone must check their local conditions before walking or traveling outside!

The 6:15 PM air temperature is 31 degrees (12 December 2019) at the official National Weather Service Cooperative Station in Clintwood to indicate that mountain valleys in complex terrain will be colder than models predict.

Locations such as Clinchco, Haysi, McClure, Nora, Birchleaf, Coeburn, Darwin, and many others, will have temps drop below freezing prior to precipitation onset.

*Rain will elevate stream levels into Saturday and although flooding is not currently expected, some local high water issues can not be ruled out.

*A possible transition to snow is being monitored Saturday, with sticking at this time appearing to be most favored at upper elevations.

**A major storm system early next week is now expected to bring significant precipitation with the potential of flood and flash flood threats. Some wintry types will also be possible. Stay tuned for updates.

*ALERT For The Development Of Accumulating Snow Late Tuesday Afternoon Through Tuesday Night

Update: 9:00 PM on Tuesday_10 December 2019

A broad snowband, with embedded mesoscale banding, has dropped a general 2-3″ of snow on the Norton-Wise to Pound-Clintwood corridor as of 9:00 PM (snow is still accumulating).

State Route 83, from Pound to Clintwood, is extremely hazardous with portions of U.S. 23 also becoming snow covered (from Pound to Pound Gap, along portions of Indian Creek Mountain outside the Town of Wise and between Norton and Powell Valley Overlook).

VDOT has been out working main roads, but snowfall rates have been too high for them to keep pace. Please allow time for VDOT to work roads overnight into Wednesday AM before traveling, if possible.

Update: 3:00 PM on Tuesday_10 December 2019

The first snow flakes began falling on High Knob around noon, with sticking between 1-2 PM (28 degrees at 2:22 PM).

A more concentrated area of snow is expected to move into the mountain area from 4 PM through sunset, with sticking snow levels dropping to include Norton-Wise and much of the adjoining area with a snowband.

Interactive Regional Doppler Radar

Expect roadways above 3000 feet to become snow covered and slick, with the potential for sticking on lower elevations roads (especially secondary roads) due to the increase in snowfall rates with dropping temperatures on upsloping NW winds.

Previous Discussion

*While a general transition from rain to sleet and snow will occur within an elongated band, the potential for a relatively narrow axis (mesoscale band) of heavy snow exists inside of this band. The location of this may not be known until it begins development, but locations in this mesoscale band could have a rapid deterioration in conditions despite the current lack of recognition.

Rain is expected to change to sleet and snow between 1 PM and 4 PM Tuesday, then to all snow by before or just after sunset.

A change to frozen precipitation may occur before 1 PM at highest elevations, with rapid temperature drops expected between 10 AM and 1 PM in places along and west-northwest of the High Knob Massif and Tennessee Valley Divide.

*Snowfall Forecast

2″ or less below 1500 feet

2″ to 4″ from 1500-3000 feet

3″ to 5″ above 3000 feet

*Target snowfall: 3″ at 2500 feet (+/-) 1″ error potential,
suggesting a possible 2-4″ in the Norton-Wise area, with
higher amounts should a mesoscale banding axis of snow
develop over the area (lower amounts with no banding).

ALERT Continues For Strong S-SW Winds Tonight Into The Overnight Of Tuesday

SW-WSW wind gusts of 30-40+ mph will continue at middle-upper elevations into the overnight hours. Wind gusts to 50+ mph will remain possible at high elevations in the High Knob Massif.

ALERT For Development Of Strong S-SW Winds Tonight Into Monday Morning At Higher Elevations (2700-3000+ Feet), Mixing Downward To Include Middle & Lower Elevations Monday

An increasing pressure gradient in advance of an arctic cold front and storm system will begin to develop strong winds in upper elevations Sunday night into Monday morning, with downward mixing across middle-lower elevations during Monday into Monday night.

Wind gusts of 40-50+ mph will be likely at upper elevations into Monday AM, with 25-40+ mph gusts becoming possible at middle to lower elevations along the Cumberland Mountains by later Monday into Monday evening.

Mountain waves developing with air flowing across the High Knob Massif were a signal of upcoming weather changes, along with high altitude, ice crystal clouds aloft.

Potential for snowband development continues to increase for Tuesday (December 10), with models and ensembles coming into agreement with development. The intensity and axis of heaviest snowfall will continue to be defined, with an ALERT for snow looking more likely.

Mathematics of this states that it is the upper-level circulation that drives the lower-level ageostrophic cross-isobaric flow, which functions to generate the convergence (pile up of air). The potential for a narrow but crippling axis of snow is certainly real, especially if the low-level convergence becomes enhanced by terrain and orographics.

The atmospheric setting is favorable for snowband formation beneath the right-rear entrance region of a strong (180+ knot) jet streak at 200-300 MB, where upward vertical motion will be generated with rising air to enhance low-level precipitation generation. The heaviest snow will develop where low-level convergence and upper level divergence phase.

Latest runs of both the NAM and GFS models have come into better agreement with the European Model and its ensemble cluster (who vary from 0″ to 8″ at the Wise gridpoint, with a mean of 3″ to 4″).

A sharp cut-off is likely to the northwest and southeast, with a narrow but concentrated and potentially crippling axis of snow somewhere in the middle. This axis is not yet defined and model shifts in placement and intensity are likely. Stay tuned for later updates.

Weather Headlines

*Frosty cold conditions will prevail in mountain valleys sheltered from gusty SW winds into Sunday morning. This will contrast with breezy to gusty winds across mid-upper elevation mountain ridges, where despite milder temperatures conditions will feel cold due to wind chills in the 20s and 30s.

*Increasing high altitude ice crystal clouds will turn sunshine hazy Sunday ahead of the next significant weather event.

*Strong S to SW winds will develop across the higher mountain ridges Sunday night into Monday morning as rain showers develop. Wind gusts of 30-50+ mph will be possible at the upper elevations. An Alert for strong winds will be likely for the higher terrain.

*Intervals of rain, and showers, are expected Monday into Tuesday in advance of a strong cold front. Local downpours will be possible, especially in upslope locations along the High Knob Landform on winds shifting to SSW-WSW.

*The potential for snowband formation is now increasing for late Tuesday into early Wednesday (Dec 10-11), with significant snow accumulations along the band. Placement of the band remains uncertain, but confidence is growing with locations along and west of the Cumberland-Allegheny Front currently most favored. Stay tuned for later updates.

Former Alert

ALERT For Lowering Cloud Bases With Dense Fog Development At Middle-Upper Elevations, And At Some Lower Elevations, Along & North Of The High Knob Massif And Tennessee Valley Divide From Midnight To 10 AM Saturday (*)

*Freezing fog, with riming, is expected at elevations above 3300 feet as temperatures drop to and below freezing in highest elevations by morning.

Low-level moisture combined with a wind shift to upsloping N-NE winds will cause cloud bases to drop in locations along and north of the High Knob Massif and Tennessee Valley Divide late Friday evening into the overnight hours of Saturday. Cloud bases are expected to drop to around the elevation of Wise (locally lower).

Update: 12:01 AM Saturday_7 December 2019

Clouds bases are in the process of dropping and reached high mountain ridges from Pine Mountain to Black Mountain into upper elevations of the High Knob Massif by midnight, with a continued drop expected through the overnight until bases reach around the elevation of the Town of Wise.

Overnight and early morning travelers will need to slow down and use caution.

Stormy Weather Pattern Ahead

My Preliminary Snowfall Forecast for this early December storm was right on target, and I should not have changed it, with the main error in the preliminary forecast being within downslope locations where some places did not have any measurable snowfall at all. At any rate, as my friend Addison Stallard used to say, that shows first impressions can sometimes be correct (mostly, at any rate!).

Following a major storm that opened December, a calm period is about to turn stormy once again with a train of waves across the Pacific Ocean poised to cross the North American continent next week.

Although timing may vary, right now the main periods are December 9-11 and December 14-15 for impacts from the first two major waves visible on the globe.

A cross-polar flow (above) will transport bitterly cold air into the northern Plains and Great Lakes by the middle of next week, with coldest air likely remaining north of the Ohio River, although, local conditions will be getting plenty cold as Arctic High pressure builds southward.

The baroclinic zone generated by the main thermal zone of temperature contrast will allow the storm track to be across this region, and that will bring another soaking rain event. As cold air plunges southward the potential for rain changing to snow is being monitored for Dec 10.

Updated: 3:00 AM Sunday_8 December 2019

The potential for snowband development is increasing, with a possible frontal wave and enhanced convergence.

Dynamically, a powerful 200-300 MB jet streak will be in position for lift into its right-rear quadrant, a climatologically favorable position for enhancement of upward vertical motion (rising air) and low-level convergence for a wave to form. This had been a notable feature in the modeling for a few days, although models were a little slow to catch on!

A jet streak moving over a strong baroclinic zone with a large thermal contrast is always a flag raiser even if models do not initially place any emphasis on it. That is where one must anticipate and understand how the atmosphere should respond to such a setting in advance. That is, the human brain is still the superior forecasting tool even with fancy model graphics cranked out by their phenomenal computing power.

The 18z (1 PM Saturday) run of the European Model and it’s ensembles were closer to the GFS, a little southeast of the NAM with the main snowband axis. Many more of the European ensembles were in agreement versus a lower number of the GFS ensembles.

The 00z run of the European Model continued to show a baroclinic snowband developing during December 10, with potentially moderate-heavy snow accumulations. Nearly all the ensemble members show some snow, with large variations in amounts. Confidence in the placement and intensity of this band should become more clear by later Sunday into early Monday.

The latest run of the GEM (Canadian) Model is farthest south with the snowband (below).

The building of Arctic High pressure into the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes by Thursday (12 December) will help to dictate impacts of the next major wave that will develop over the eastern USA, however, as of early December 8 the most potent winter weather maker has become the initial wave predicted to impact the mountain region December 10 into early on December 11.

This is getting way out into the medium range time period, so you know changes are going to occur, however, what has sparked my attention is the consistent development of a deep trough for days now. When models can “see” something that far in advance it is often a sign of a major storm event, especially if they are consistent in showing development.

The Bottom Line

A stormy weather pattern will redevelop next week as arctic air makes a moves into the United States, with two significant storm systems expected next week (and more in the pipeline upstream).

Given precipitation observed recently, rain amounts will initially need to be closely monitored for the potential of water issues.

At least two periods with important winter weather potential are being watched now, centered around December 10 and December 15.

Stay tuned for later updates.

Caution Is Advised for anyone traveling across the high country of the High Knob Massif through the remainder of today into early Wednesday, with freezing fog (riming) and slick conditions on Routes 237, 238, 619, 704 and many others (*).

*It should be noted that portions of some roads may be impassible, such as Route 237 in the Davenport Gap area between Little Mountain Knob and Big Cherry Lake, with chains and a high profile vehicle required.

Prolonged riming will finally end as drier air invades the high country into this evening, with clouds Tuesday being trapped beneath a low-level inversion.

Andrew Greear, superintendent of the City of Norton Water Plant, and veteran technician Joe Carter, measured 0.38″ of water content in this snow event (4.5″ total snowfall) with 4″ of snow on the ground at 9:00 AM today (3 December).

The City of Norton Water Plant is located at the base of High Knob, at approximately 2342 feet above sea level.

Nearly twice as much snow fell at the heavily rimed summit level, above 4000 feet, where ground depths varied dramatically in strong NW winds throughout Monday into Monday Night (with 0 degree WCFs).

A covering of new snow coated many secondary roads into Tuesday morning as upslope snow and snow showers continued, with Joe & Darlene Fields showing what conditions were like on State Route 706 heading toward Tacoma (below the riming).

Weather Headlines

*ALERT Continues For NW Flow Snow Into Tuesday Morning (December 3)

Update As Of 5:00 PM Monday ( 2 December 2019)

Steady light snow, and occasional heavier snow showers and local squalls, will continue with Great Lake moisture transport through Monday night before ending around mid-morning Tuesday.

Generally 1″ to 3″ of new snow is expected along the upslope side of the mountains into Tuesday AM, with higher amounts possible at highest elevations where blowing-drifting will also continue. Snowfall totals of less than 1″ are expected below 1200 feet (in lowest valleys along the upslope side of the mountains).

A general 2″ to 3″ of snow accumulation occurred above 3000 feet in the High Knob Massif by 8:30 AM Monday. Several more inches accumulated into the afternoon, with 4″-12″+ depths in blowing & drifting on High Knob and Eagle Knob by afternoon.

Locations below 1500 feet elevation had melting during the daylight hours Monday, but sticking will occur again Monday night into Tuesday morning at elevations above 1200-1500 feet on the upslope side of the mountains.

Previous Forecast & Discussion

A upper air disturbance, with very cold air aloft, will cause heavy snow, amid whiteout bursts, to develop Monday with low visibilities at times as temperatures continue to drop on developing WNW-NW upslope flow.

Past climatology and analog settings with these types of parameters have produced intense snow squalls in whiteout conditions. Those traveling, and otherwise expected to be outside should be prepared for periods of near zero visibility. The potential for local thundersnow exists.

Some snow squalls may develop a convective nature, with conditional symmetric instability (CSI) or slantwise columns of elongated clouds capable of supporting this despite low clouds tops (relative to typical convection) in the vertical.

Upslope snow showers will then continue into Tuesday.

Wind chills will also be a factor, especially at higher elevations, where single digits and 10s are expected Monday into early Tuesday, with WCF variations from 10s to lower 20s in more sheltered valleys at the lower elevations to around 0 degrees in gusts on highest peaks.

Final Snowfall Forecast

3″ to 5″ below 2500 feet
(locally higher amounts)

5″ to 7″ above 2500 feet
(locally higher amounts)

6″ to 10″+ above 3000 feet
**(bare ground to 1-2’+ drifts)

1/2″ to 3″ in downslope locations
(Clinch, Powell, Holston valleys)

Target snowfall of 5″ at 2500 feet (+/-) 1″ error potential, suggesting 4″ to 6″ possible at elevations of Norton-Wise with locally deeper depths developing where snow squalls are most intense and where blowing-drifting occurs.

**Blowing and drifting is expected to cause large snow depth differences at highest elevations in the High Knob Massif, with variations from near bare ground to 1-2+ feet in drifts. The potential for some roads, such as Route 237 at Davenport Gap, 238 at High Knob-Eagle Knob Gap, and State Route 619 in Little Mountain Gap, to become impassible will exist due to drifting.

Preliminary Snowfall Forecast

1″ to 3″ below 2500 feet
(locally higher amounts)

3″ to 6″ above 2500 feet
(locally higher amounts)

4″ to 8″ above 3000 feet
**(bare ground to 1-2’+ drifts)

1/2″ to 2″ in downslope locations
(Clinch, Powell, Holston valleys)

Target snowfall of 3″ at 2500 feet (+/-) 1″ error potential, suggesting 2″ to 4″ possible at elevations of Norton-Wise with locally deeper depths developing where snow squalls are most intense and where blowing-drifting occurs.

**Blowing and drifting is expected to cause large snow depth differences at highest elevations in the High Knob Massif, with variations from near bare ground to 1-2+ feet in drifts. The potential for some roads, such as Route 237 at Davenport Gap, 238 at High Knob-Eagle Knob Gap, and State Route 619 in Little Mountain Gap, to become impassible will exist due to drifting.

ALERT For Strong WNW-NW Winds At Middle To Upper Elevations, Above 2500 Feet, With Gusts of 30-40+ MPH Through Monday

Blowing and drifting snow will be a factor at upper elevations where strong WNW-NW winds will continue through Monday into Tuesday. Riming is also expected, with the extent of orographic feeder cloud formation ultimately acting to influence snowfall totals beneath and just downstream of them as snowflakes become rimed to increase total snow volume (*).

*This has been an observed and interesting part of my climatological research in the High Knob Massif, and has been documented in other orographic belts of the world. My predicted snowfall totals are higher above 3000 feet, in part, due to the expected riming of snowflakes falling through and being blown just downstream of orographic pilatus (cap or feeder) clouds forming on WNW-NW upslope flow. Riming of flakes acts to increase the amount of snow that accumulates on the ground over time, with rime drop from trees later adding additional moisture content to the ground snow cover.

A composite of more than 80 models, including all ensembles, is predicting snowfall variations from a Trace to 6″ at the Wise gridpoint. All these are based upon a snow density of 10:1 (snow to water ratio of 10″ of snow per 1.00″ of liquid equivalent).

My actual forecast is going above the mean of 3″ due to strong orographic forcing and the tapping of moisture from the Great Lakes, with lower snow densities (higher ratios) than indicated by models. In addition, a pocket of very cold air aloft will aid initial snowfall with blizzard-like bursts expected. Riming of snowflakes falling through orographic clouds at upper elevations will further enhance snowfall amounts above 3000 feet (**).

**Past climatology and analogs of similar settings support a more aggressive forecast than indicated by the mean of forecast models. While every event is different, and results vary, this can be a powerful tool for prediction of these types of winter events.

Past documented history of snowfall forecasts made since 2014 on the Appalachian Climate Center is verification of this fact, along with additional forecasts made going back to the early 1990s.

Caution For High Water Levels On Steep Creeks Draining The High Knob Massif Into Monday ( 2 December 2019 )

High water levels continue with ROARING creeks draining the High Knob Massif. Extreme caution is advised due to slick banks and high velocity flows.

Caution is also advised near the main-stem rivers. Although warnings are in effect for minor flooding, I think subterranean conduits within the High Knob Massif and along the Clinch and Powell river valleys will be able to take in more water than models predict given near to below average autumn precipitation.

Forecasting precise stream flows are very difficult in this karst area, with Wise, Scott and Lee counties collectively containing the highest cave density in Virginia. This is one of the greatest karst landscapes in North America, with an array of complex conduits at elevations varying from well over 3000 feet in the High Knob Massif to around 1000 feet on downstream valley floors (*).

*A karst landscape possesses a very dynamic, heterogeneous character with large and unknown subterranean features that are continuously changing through space and time, making hydrological predictions more difficult than within non-karstic terrain.

Previous Alerts and Discussions

*ALERT for ponding of water in low-lying locations and along roads, with the potential for rapid water level rises on streams during intervals of heavy rain and downpours.

An average of 3.00″ of rain had fallen across the High Knob Massif as of 4:00 AM on 1 December, with strong rises on creeks draining the upper elevations. Big Stony Creek was only 1/2 foot below flood stage as of 4 AM.

Please use extreme caution near creeks, and monitor water levels through Sunday morning.

*ALERT for strong SSW-WSW to W winds Saturday into Sunday (Nov 30 to Dec 1), beginning at upper elevations early on Saturday and expanding across the area Saturday Night into mid-AM Sunday.

A strong precipitation generated inversion, with cooler temperatures at low elevations versus high elevations, has kept stronger winds (15-30+ mph) along high ridges with calm conditions in lower elevation valleys. This scenario will change Saturday night and (especially) Sunday when vertical mixing will develop and become enhanced by turbulence.

Strongest winds are expected Sunday in most locations as mixing increases in a narrow dry slot, with efficient downward transfer of high momentum air. Strong winds will continue Monday into Tuesday at upper elevations, and in cross-barrier flow along and just lee of the Blue Ridge, in cold air advection on WNW-NW flow.

Reference 112619 Forecast for the previous event.

The next in a series of storm systems will spread rain, with a chance of thunderstorms, across the mountain region Saturday into early Sunday.

Reference Winter 2019-20 for a look ahead at main weather players.

There remains some disagreement in models regarding where bands of heaviest rains will fall, with the NAM and GEM (Canadian) groups being farther north while the GFS and ICON groups are farther south, as examples, with the ECMWF (European) members split among themselves.

As noted below, the latest run of the NAM Model group has trended southwest, more in line with the GFS-ICON models.

Predicted air flow vectors and orographics, combined with past climatology, suggests heavy rainfall will be likely in the mountain area, especially in favored orographic lifting zones along and northwest of the Cumberland-Allegheny Front.

The Cumberland Front typically functions as a weather change boundary, which becomes especially notable during winter when NW flow snowfall tends to be heaviest along and northwest of this boundary. It is otherwise focused along and just northwest of higher elevations of Clinch Mountain and the Blue Ridge (Mount Rogers-Whitetop southwest to the Smokies).

A dry slot of air will cause skies to break around mid-morning Sunday as the warm air advection rain shield lifts out of the region, with windy and relatively mild conditions before clouds increase as the comma-head of this large mid-latitude cyclone begins to wrap into the region to bring cold air advection and a redevelopment of rain and snow showers. A rapid change to snow at high elevations early Sunday evening will occur, with quickly dropping snow levels into middle elevations during the evening.

Cold air aloft generates vertical instability and while perturbation of low-levels with orographic lifting favors snow bursts in NW flow lifting zones, waves generated by the main mountain barriers, local hills, or just local instability, will be able to trigger snow burst development in typical downslope dominated locations.

Due to a pocket of very cold air aloft with an upper air disturbance, bursts of snow will not be restricted to just the typical NW flow orographic belts.

Reference Majestic Rime Opens November 2019

Weather Headlines

Rime formation continues on this Thanksgiving morning for highest elevations in the High Knob Massif (riming for the past 6-hours as of 10 AM). For visitors to the High Knob Lookout, expect wind chills in the single digits and 10s, in gusts, with temperatures in the 20s under a strong low-level inversion.

ALERT For HIGH Winds Continues Along The Blue Ridge In Cross-Barrier Flow

A strong low-level jet streak moving up along the western side of the Appalachians will cause high winds to develop into the predawn to morning hours of Wednesday (27 November).

850 MB Streamline Flow Field_USA

Wind gusts of 40 to 50+ mph will be likely, amid what looks to be a nearly classic high wind setting within a developing dry slot of a strong mid-latitude cyclone.

250 MB Streamline Flow Field_USA

It does not take a meteorologist to tell what directions will be favored if you, your family, or friends are flying across the USA during this Thanksgiving holiday.

Peak reported wind gusts along the Appalachians are likely to reach 60 to 100 mph, with the potential for places like Grandfather Mountain to top 100 mph during this event.

Hurricane force wind gusts will become possible on highest peaks, with hunters in the woods and visitors to places like the High Knob Lookout Tower urged to exercise extreme caution. Dense clouds and wind driven rains will also occur prior to the arrival of dry air within the cyclone’s dry slot.

Due to a unidirectional flow developing aloft, with 100 knot winds at 500 MB and 130+ knot winds at upper-level jet stream levels, I have extended the alert for high winds through Wednesday into the evening due to turbulent mixing enhanced by abundant afternoon sunshine.

The strongest low-level jet winds, blasting high peaks, will be during the 4 AM to 10 AM period, with strong wind gusts mixing downward into all elevations at times during the daylight and early-mid evening hours. High winds with downward transfer from upper jet stream levels and local channeling (such as through the gaps on Grandfather Mountain, Fancy Gap, and High Knob) and wave breaking will become a concern.

Turbulent mixing will begin to diminish after sunset along the western side of the Appalachians, but will continue along the eastern slopes of the mountain chain as a positive mountain torque is strengthened by a developing cross-barrier pressure gradient Wednesday night into early on Thanksgiving day.

Folks traveling north and east should be alert to strong cross-winds on portions of I-81 and I-77 (Fancy Gap), along with other roadways.

**Updated_Actual High Wind Reports

High Wind Reports_NWS And Research Stations
(27 November to 9:00 AM 28 November)

#Grandfather Mountain, NC: 97 MPH

(# 81.2 MPH sustained winds recorded at 4:39 AM 28 Nov)

1 NNE West Jefferson, NC: 71 MPH

2 NNE Snowshoe, WV: 67 MPH

5 E Canaan Heights, WV: 65 MPH

4 WNW Rugby, VA: 64 MPH

1 NE Bent Mountain, VA: 61 MPH

Jefferson, NC: 61 MPH

4 NW Wintergreen, VA: 60 MPH

Pikeville 13S, KY: 57 MPH
(Adjacent to Pine Mountain)

Burkes Garden, VA: 56 MPH

Boone, NC: 56 MPH

1 SE Marion, VA: 51 MPH

Lonesome Pine Airport: 40 MPH

Updated – The Next Snowfall Potential

A Recap Of Recent Wintry Events_Lingering Autumn Color

The potential for significant snow accumulations in the mountains, with snow squalls and bursts of heavy snow, on Great Lake connected NW upslope flow is increasing for the December 2-3 period.

Reference Winter 2019-20 For Major Players

A strong upper air wave, and cold pocket of air aloft, is being monitored for the enhancement of snowfall.

Stay tuned for later updates.

Reference Winter 2019-20 For Major Players

ALERT For Fog & Freezing Fog With Development Of A Deep Saturated Layer Sunday Night Into Monday Morning

Warm air advection centered around 850 MB will strengthen a low-level inversion which developed Sunday over the Great Valley and allow fog and freezing fog to expand in coverage.

A Recap Of Recent Wintry Events_Lingering Autumn Color

A rather interesting setting will feature lowering cloud bases in SW upslope areas of the High Knob Massif-Landform. As low-level temperatures cool ground fog development will become possible until eventually the two layers may be able to combine in a saturated zone through several thousand vertical feet of the atmosphere.

Freezing fog, with riming, is ongoing at upper elevations in the High Knob Massif and Black Mountain on SW flow. The evening-overnight potential will feature lowering of this over time in locations where SW flow rises.

Locations under a persistent cloud cover not subject to rising SW flow may be more protected from widespread fog formation, unless the cloud layer breaks to allow radiational cooling. A complicated setting that will require NOWcasting by forecasters as it evolves.

The 8:00 PM air temperature in Clintwood is 31 degrees but skies are clear. The potential for freezing fog exists but is less than in locations where SW air flow will be rising along the High Knob Landform and Massif (Clinch-Powell basins).

A Recap Of Recent Wintry Events_Lingering Color

The Winter Season Of 2019-20

The dawn of December will mark the beginning of Meteorological Winter 2019-20, so it is time to review some of the main players expected to impact the upcoming season (*).

*The following highlights some major forcing factors, but not nearly all the factors, and is given only as general guidance.

Beginning with the main climate system driver, the sun, Earth is currently within a deep solar minimum as 2019 is now poised to become one of the top years with respect to a lack of sunspots on the surface of the sun.

Track Sun Spot-Less Days On SpaceWeatherLive

*National Center for Atmospheric Research Staff (Eds). Last modified 20 Aug 2013. “The Climate Data Guide: QBO: Quasi-Biennial Oscillation.” Retrieved from https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/qbo-quasi-biennial-oscillation.

A -QBO phase in combination with a solar minimum enhances the potential for stratospheric warmings, with a major Southern Hemispheric warming having already been observed above Antarctica.

The above graphic shows the deviation of actual observed temperatures at 10 MB above the South Pole (black line) versus long-term climatological values (grey line). Warming began suddenly during late August-early September, fitting the name of Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) which in this case was a major event.

This has been responsible, in part, for dryness and wild fires across Australia making current news headlines.

Initial warming above the North Pole during late autumn and early winter 2019-20 ended up being minor in nature, but with notable impacts on the hemispheric pattern.

Reference Early Winter 2019_High Knob Massif for more details.

A renewal of warming in the stratosphere is expected in early January, with time telling if this will be more significant with respect to impacting the Polar Vortex than the early season warming event.

Stratospheric warming is being driven by North Atlantic wave 1 forcing, with upward propagation and wave breaking (releasing mass, momentum, and energy) from the troposphere into the stratosphere in combination with upward wave activity flux (WAF) from Siberian snow cover as highlighted by Cohen to initiate the beginning of troposphere-stratosphere-troposphere coupling through coming weeks.

Judah Cohen highlights in his blog that snow cover extent during October was above average across Siberia, which favors stronger Siberian High Pressure and subsequent weakening of the polar vortex via upward wave activity flux (WAF) and feedback with tropospheric-stratospheric-tropospheric coupling leading to a negative Arctic Oscillation and colder than average conditions across mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.

Eurasian Snow Cover Variability And Links To Stratosphere-Troposphere Coupling

This is complicated and subject to variations depending upon the nature and positioning of forcing factors, both within and outside the arctic region and across the Northern Hemisphere.

As warming occurs, the polar vortex weakens and wind speeds decrease. During a Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) event the direction shifts to easterly in direction. Warmings and SSW’s increase meridional flow across the Northern Hemisphere, enhancing transport of arctic air southward.

Although there is no official El Nino or La Nina running in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) has been consistently in decline as above average sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are concentrated mostly in the central Pacific Ocean (versus eastern Pacific in classic +ENSO).

A rise in the daily SOI occurred through early December with a lag time correlated to a milder pattern developing in the eastern USA during mid-late December 2019.

A renewed and stronger mid-late December drop in the SOI may be signaling the return of a colder pattern in the eastern USA by early January 2020.

This is a Modoki El Nino (+ENSO) signal which has, from a climatological perspective, favored colder than average conditions in eastern North America and the eastern USA.

A positive Indian Ocean Dipole (+IOD) phase acts to enhance any positive ENSO that may be present during the same time.

The PNA has mostly been in its positive phase (+PNA) during November, which has been anomalously cold, following the mainly -PNA phase of October 2019 that featured much above average temperatures.

The most recent PNA trend has been negative and associated with milder conditions in the eastern USA. This trend is predicted to change back to positive as January 2020 approaches.

Warm sea surface temperatures, relative to average, within the Gulf of Alaska favors a positive PNA oscillation pattern and downstream troughing across the eastern USA, but the positioning and extent of western Pacific ridging is critical.

The December 1-19 pattern has been split between colder than average and near average to milder than average conditions across the southeastern USA.

The general December 1-19 pattern featured near to a little above average temperatures across much of the continental USA.

Blocking near the Aleutians and across Greenland was a persistent feature through Summer 2019 to the present, which contributed to major melting of the Greenland ice sheet (continental glacier).

The continuation of warm sea surface temperatures around Greenland would favor high latitude blocking to continue over this region of the North Atlantic.

Snow and ice extent across North America and Eurasia are near decadal averages, which is now ready for southward expansion of a more long-lived nature. Expansion across the northern USA will aid southward movement through the end of 2019, with initially wet and stormy conditions (featuring mainly rain) in the south.

If positive snow cover anomalies develop, as models currently predict, across eastern and southeastern Canada into December this will be a strong signal for later wintry conditions across the eastern USA and Appalachians versus if the main positive snow cover anomalies were to develop across western Canada.

Feedback associated with positive snow cover anomalies force a natural southward progression of the baroclinic zone (and main storm track) over time, since storm systems feed upon thermal contrasts developing across snow cover-bare ground gradients.

The Bottom Line

Many factors currently favor a colder than average winter season during 2019-20, with stormy conditions across much of the nation (especially in the Great Lakes to Appalachians corridor of the eastern-northeastern USA).

The potential for severe winter periods are likely given highlighted factors, but this will depend upon how the forcing from each of these different teleconnections (Modoki +ENSO, -QBO, SST Anomalies, Polar Vortex changes, snow cover, and more not highlighted here) interact at any given time during coming weeks to dictate the magnitude and extent of these periods.

Long-term forecasts remain elusive given complex feedbacks within and between components of the climate system, with short-term events in both space and time acting to alter conditions immediately that then can force subsequent changes which may skew a month or season away from a prediction made prior to development of the short-term event(s).

This is an evolving situation, as always during the Holiday season, so check back for later updates as conditions change across the Northern Hemisphere.

Weather Headlines

ALERT For A Rapid Temperature Drop Saturday Evening Into Sunday Morning With Rain Showers Changing To Snow Showers Amid Strong SW To NW Winds

Local downpours along a strong cold front will cause a gusty wind shift from SW-WSW to WNW-NW winds and rapidly dropping temperatures this evening into the overnight hours of Sunday morning.

Rain changing to snow showers will redevelop during the evening into the overnight as a upper-level disturbance passes across the southern-central Appalachians. Heaviest snow amounts with this vorticity maximum will occur to the north in West Virginia, especially in the central-northern highlands of WV where Great Lake moisture will enhance amounts, but some sticking snow is expected in higher elevations of the southern Appalachians.

Expect snowfall accumulations of less than 1″ below 3000 feet, with 1-2″ possible above 3000 feet, into the predawn hours of Sunday (24 November). Little to no accumulation is expected below 1800 feet.

The worst conditions are expected to develop at elevations above 3000 feet, with temperatures at highest elevations dropping into the low-mid 20s by Sunday morning. Wind chill factors will plunge into the single digits and 10s at upper elevations, with upper 10s & 20s chills at middle-lower elevations.

Some rime formation is expected above 3000 to 3500 feet into Sunday morning in the High Knob Massif and Black Mountain.

Former Alert

*ALERT For A Period Of Dense Fog Friday Evening As Cloud Bases Drop Into Middle Elevations Along And North Of The Tennessee Valley Divide And High Knob Massif

*While fog will be mainly present at upper elevations, above 3000-3300 feet, into early Sunday amid orographic capping pilatus (feeder clouds), a period of dense fog will also be possible into middle elevations (below 3000 feet) as cloud bases lower for a period Friday night on northerly upslope flow along and north of the High Knob Massif.

The longevity of any fog forming in middle to lower elevations Friday night into early Saturday will be dependent upon a developing inversion, and if it may be able to maintain fog near the surface in places where fog develops.

A Recap Of Recent Wintry Events_Lingering Color

A stormy and much wetter pattern is now looking to develop through the last week of November into the first week of December 2019.

Ensemble members show locally lesser and higher amounts, with much higher amounts on some individual members. This pattern has the potential to refill water supply reservoirs, serving the High Knob Massif area, during the next several weeks.

The GFS Model is now coming into alignment with the European Model group in predicting a series of storm systems, with significant precipitation, to impact the mountain region and Tennessee Valley during the final week of November and the first week of December.

While the majority of this precipitation is currently expected to be in liquid form, dual blocks over the Northern Pacific and North Atlantic (southern Greenland) will have to be monitored for the potential of lower heights and colder air that could contribute to additional frozen types at times despite a warmer, mean flow pattern.

A southwesterly flow regime, in the mean, across the southern-central Appalachians and Tennessee Valley will transport significant amounts of moisture from the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico.

Orographic forcing, as recently observed, will be a notable player as the orographic forcing season gets underway with vigor through coming weeks. Since precipitation recording began at Big Cherry Dam in 2007-08, in the High Knob Massif, December has been the wettest month of the year.

This has been associated with the annual increase in orographic forcing that develops during the Thanksgiving-Christmas Holiday period, when storm systems feeding upon thermal differences develop pressure gradients that drive strong winds into the mountains with development of positive-negative forcing couplets and mountain torques.

The mountains are not static, but push back against the atmosphere to generate torques that influence the magnitude and spatial distribution of precipitation and temperatures, such that orographic forcing is a vector phenomenon endemic to mountainous and hilly landscapes across planet Earth. They extend their influence and communicate to other portions of the atmosphere through waves that develop and ripple outward from their orographic forcing zones with transport of mass, energy, and momentum to places removed (sometimes very far removed) from their forcing.

The Winter Season Of 2019-20

The dawn of December will mark the beginning of Meteorological Winter 2019-20, so it is time to review some of the main players expected to impact the upcoming season (*).

*The following highlights some major forcing factors, but not nearly all the factors, and is given only as general guidance.

Beginning with the main climate system driver, the sun, Earth is currently within a deep solar minimum as 2019 is now poised to become one of the top years with respect to a lack of sunspots on the surface of the sun.

*National Center for Atmospheric Research Staff (Eds). Last modified 20 Aug 2013. “The Climate Data Guide: QBO: Quasi-Biennial Oscillation.” Retrieved from https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/qbo-quasi-biennial-oscillation.

A -QBO phase in combination with a solar minimum enhances the potential for stratospheric warmings, with a major Southern Hemispheric warming having already been observed above Antarctica.

The above graphic shows the deviation of actual observed temperatures at 10 MB above the South Pole (black line) versus long-term climatological values (grey line). Warming began suddenly during late August-early September, fitting the name of Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) which in this case was a major event.

This has been responsible, in part, for dryness and wild fires across Australia making current news headlines.

A strong stratospheric warming, with temperature increases of up to 80+ degrees Fahrenheit at 10 MB above the Northern Hemisphere, is being predicted by the GFS Model group heading into the first week of December 2019.

Stratospheric warming is being driven by North Atlantic wave 1 forcing, with upward propagation and wave breaking (releasing mass, momentum, and energy) from the troposphere into the stratosphere in combination with upward wave activity flux (WAF) from Siberian snow cover as highlighted by Cohen to initiate the beginning of troposphere-stratosphere-troposphere coupling through coming weeks.

Judah Cohen highlights in his blog that snow cover extent during October was above average across Siberia, which favors stronger Siberian High Pressure and subsequent weakening of the polar vortex via upward wave activity flux (WAF) and feedback with tropospheric-stratospheric-tropospheric coupling leading to a negative Arctic Oscillation and colder than average conditions across mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.

Eurasian Snow Cover Variability And Links To Stratosphere-Troposphere Coupling

This is complicated and subject to variations depending upon the nature and positioning of forcing factors, both within and outside the arctic region and across the Northern Hemisphere.

The Polar Vortex is now predicted to weaken, with magnitude and extent of this yet to be determined along with resulting impacts for any given region.

As warming occurs, the polar vortex weakens and wind speeds decrease. During a Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) event the direction shifts to easterly in direction. Warmings and SSW’s increase meridional flow across the Northern Hemisphere, enhancing transport of arctic air southward.

Although there is no official El Nino or La Nina running in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) has been consistently in decline as above average sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are concentrated mostly in the central Pacific Ocean (versus eastern Pacific in classic +ENSO).

This is a Modoki El Nino (+ENSO) signal which has, from a climatological perspective, favored colder than average conditions in eastern North America and the eastern USA.

A positive Indian Ocean Dipole (+IOD) phase acts to enhance any positive ENSO that may be present during the same time.

The PNA has mostly been in its positive phase (+PNA) during November, which has been anomalously cold, following the mainly -PNA phase of October 2019 that featured much above average temperatures.

Warm sea surface temperatures, relative to average, within the Gulf of Alaska favors a positive PNA oscillation pattern and downstream troughing across the eastern USA, but the positioning and extent of western Pacific ridging is critical.

Blocking near the Aleutians and across Greenland was a persistent feature through Summer 2019 to the present, which contributed to major melting of the Greenland ice sheet (continental glacier).

The continuation of warm sea surface temperatures around Greenland would favor high latitude blocking to continue over this region of the North Atlantic.

Snow and ice extent across North America and Eurasia are near decadal averages, which is now ready for southward expansion of a more long-lived nature. Expansion across the northern USA will aid southward movement through the end of 2019, with initially wet and stormy conditions (featuring mainly rain) in the south.

If positive snow cover anomalies develop, as models currently predict, across eastern and southeastern Canada into December this will be a strong signal for later wintry conditions across the eastern USA and Appalachians versus if the main positive snow cover anomalies were to develop across western Canada.

Feedback associated with positive snow cover anomalies force a natural southward progression of the baroclinic zone (and main storm track) over time, since storm systems feed upon thermal contrasts developing across snow cover-bare ground gradients.

The Bottom Line

Many factors currently favor a colder than average winter season during 2019-20, with stormy conditions across much of the nation (especially in the Great Lakes to Appalachians corridor of the eastern-northeastern USA).

The potential for severe winter periods are likely given highlighted factors, but this will depend upon how the forcing from each of these different teleconnections (Modoki +ENSO, -QBO, SST Anomalies, Polar Vortex changes, snow cover, and more not highlighted here) interact at any given time during coming weeks to dictate the magnitude and extent of these periods.

Long-term forecasts remain elusive given complex feedbacks within and between components of the climate system, with short-term events in both space and time acting to alter conditions immediately that then can force subsequent changes which may skew a month or season away from a prediction made prior to development of the short-term event(s).

This is an evolving situation, as always during the Holiday season, so check back for later updates as conditions change across the Northern Hemisphere.